The spatiotemporal activities of astrocyte Ca2+ signaling in mature neuronal circuits remain unclear. We used genetically encoded Ca2+ and glutamate indicators as well as pharmacogenetic and electrical control of neurotransmitter release to explore astrocyte activity in the hippocampal mossy fiber pathway. Our data revealed numerous localized, spontaneous Ca2+ signals in astrocyte branches and territories, but these were not driven by neuronal activity or glutamate. Moreover, evoked astrocyte Ca2+ signaling changed linearly with the number of mossy fiber action potentials. Under these settings, astrocyte responses were global, suppressed by neurotransmitter clearance, and mediated by glutamate and GABA. Thus, astrocyte engagement in the fully developed mossy fiber pathway was slow and territorial, contrary to that frequently proposed for astrocytes within microcircuits. We show that astrocyte Ca2+ signaling functionally segregates large volumes of neuropil and that these transients are not suited for responding to, or regulating, single synapses in the mossy fiber pathway. •Astrocyte branches/territories were studied using optical and pharmacogenetic tools•Spontaneous astrocyte Ca2+ signals were not due to action potentials or glutamate•Evoked astrocyte Ca2+ signals were slow, territorial and triggered by spike trains•Astrocyte Ca2+ signaling was tightly gated by neurotransmitter clearance Haustein et al. use optical and genetic methods to explore the rules under which astrocytes are engaged in a model neuronal circuit. The findings show that astrocytes listen to synapses during bursts of action potentials in mossy fiber axons.