The formation of a road industry in the Bashkir ASSR in the first decade of Soviet government are discussed (1917-1927). Attention is paid to the road system, sources of its support, construction, financing and supply. The results of a comparative analysis of statistical indicators of road construction in BASSR and the whole country are presented. The question is raised about the readiness of BASSR road management to implement the first five-year plan. Special attention is paid to the issue of classification of roads, determining their traffic density, the material-technical base and personnel potential of road agencies. It is shown that these actions of the road authorities were undertaken partially. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that for the first time on the basis of not published earlier archival data the main problems of road affairs in Bashkiria are revealed, as well as their solutions at the local level. The regional specificity in the process of implementation of construction works are identified. The relevance of the study is determined by the large scientific and public interest in the history of road construction as a complex socio-economic and political phenomenon. The study of the road sector as a major socio-economic phenomenon in the history of our country allows to trace the complex social, economic and political relations on the example of the Bashkir ASSR.