The bacterial communities in rhizosphere soil interact with the roots of plants. This interaction is beneficial for both the bacteria and the plants, which makes it very important to identify the structure of these bacterial communities for plant growth and development. However, the composition characteristics of bacterial communities in rhizosphere soil of 2-year and 5-year Haloxylon ammodendron have not been clearly defined. The purpose of this study was to identify the diverse composition of 2-year and 5-year Haloxylon ammodendron in Turpan, Xinjiang. Thus, rhizosphere soil bacteria were analyzed by isolating, purifying, and identifying the species through high-throughput sequencing technology. The bacterial strains in the rhizosphere soil of Haloxylon ammodendron were isolated with the dilution coating method, resulting in 37 isolated strains. The selective media were used to screen the growth-promoting characteristics of the rhizosphere soil isolates of Haloxylon ammodendron. The results of high-throughput amplification sequencing showed that the rhizosphere bacteria in the 2-year rhizosphere soil belonged to 45 phyla, 109 classes, 288 orders, 451 families, 826 genera, and 404 species, and those in the 5-year rhizosphere soil belonged to 56 phyla, 148 classes, 369 orders, 601 families, 1062 genera, and 671 species. Among them, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, Bacteroidota, Crenarchaeota, and so on are the dominant bacteria. There were 12206 and 14,053 OTUs in the 2-year-old and 5-year-old rhizosphere soil bacteria, respectively, and 3329 OTUs in the 2-year- and 5-year-old rhizosphere soil, accounting for 16.98% of the total number of OTUs. The results showed that three strains, sg16, sg21, and ss4, had the highest inorganic phosphorus solubility index (1.58). The isolated strain did not have the ability to dissolve organophosphorus and potassium, while the screened strain sg16 had the ability to fix nitrogen. Two strains with a good iron-bearing capacity, Sg9F and Sg1, were screened, among which Sg9F had the highest D/d value and Sg9F had the strongest iron-bearing capacity. The results showed that 37 strains of rhizosphere soil bacteria belonged to six genera. They are Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Phyllobacterium, Lysinibacillus, Sinorhizobium meliloti, and Streptomyces levis. Among them are sg21 (Bacillus sp.), sg1 (Bacillus sp.), sg9F (Streptomyces levis), sg16 (Phyllobacterium phragmitis), and ss4 (Sinorhizobium meliloti). This study provides a particular research basis for the influence of Haloxylon ammodendron rhizosphere bacteria on soil nutrient release and depicts a solution for improving the yield and quality of cistanche deserticola indirectly through isolating, screening, and identifying rhizosphere soil bacteria, including screening strains with growth-promoting functions and analyzing the population structure of rhizosphere bacteria in 2- and 5-year soil in combination with high-throughput sequencing technology.