The Holocene vegetation dynamics of low- and mid-altitude areas of inland Iberia remain largely unknown, masking possible legacy effects of past land-use on current and future ecosystem trajectories. Here we present a 4000-year long palaeoecological record (pollen, spores, microscopic charcoal) from a mire located in the Cabañeros National Park (Toledo Mountains, central Spain), a region with key conservation challenges due to ongoing land-use changes. We reconstruct late Holocene vegetation history and assess the extent to which climate, land-use and disturbances played a role in the observed changes. Our results show that oak (Quercus) woodlands have been the main forested community of the Toledo Mountains over millennia, with deciduous Quercus pyrenaica and Quercus faginea more abundant than evergreen Quercus ilex and Quercus suber, particularly on the humid soils of the valley bottoms. Deciduous oak woodlands spread during drier periods replacing hygrophilous communities (Betula, Salix, hygrophilous Ericaceae) on the edges of the mire, and could cope with fire disturbance variability under dry conditions (e.g. ca. 3800–3000–1850–1050BC- and 1300–100cal BP–AD 650–1850-) as suggested by regional palaeoclimatic reconstructions. Pollen and coprophilous fungi data suggest that enhanced fire occurrence at ca. 1300–100cal BP (AD 650–1850) was due to deliberate burning by local people to promote pastoral and arable farming at the expense of woodlands/shrublands under dry conditions. While historical archives date the onset of strong human impact on the vegetation of Cabañeros to the period at and after the Ecclesiastical Confiscation (ca. 150–100cal BP, AD 1800–1850), our palaeoecological data reveal that land-use was already intense during the Arab period (ca. 1250–900cal BP, AD 700–1050) and particularly marked during the subsequent City of Toledo's rule (ca. 700–150cal BP, AD 1250–1800). Finally, we hypothesize that persistent groundwater discharge allowed the mires of the Toledo Mountains to act as interglacial hydrologic microrefugia for some hygrophilous woody plants (Betula, Myrica gale, Erica tetralix) during pronounced dry spells over the past millennia. •We use palaeoecological proxy data to reconstruct vegetation and disturbance history.•Oak woodlands were dominant at mid-elevation in inland western Iberia.•Oak woodlands were resilient to quasi-natural fire regime.•Land-use has controlled vegetation dynamics during the last 1300years.•Mires have resulted crucial for hygrophilous woody plant persistence in dry settings.